Procedure of Trial by Magistrate, Session and High Courts of Pakistan

By Adil Waseem In this article, we shall study the basic requisite for initiation of criminal proceeding against the accused; what types of offences are cognized by magistrate and session court; and what is the procedure of trial of magistrate, session and high court? Condition requisite for initiation of criminal proceedings
Cognizance is taken of an offence as soon as court competent to exercise his jurisdiction for the purposes of initiation of criminal proceedings. If in the opinion of the court to initiate judicial proceeding against the offender in respect of the offence, then it must commence the criminal procedure. The cognizance implies the acceptance of the offence committed by the accused in light of evidence and statement produced by the complainant. The competence of court is precondition to the cognizance of offence, and if, any offence is recognizance by court not having competency, then entire proceedings are irregular and illegal. With exception the specific provisions in Cr.P.C.1898, where certain offences have been barred to be taken cognizance until mentioned specifically in penal statute. Magistrate is empowered under section 190 to take cognizance of the offences. Cognizance of Offence by magistrate Under subsection 1 of section 190 of Cr.P.C of 1898, the district magistrate or subdivision magistrate and any other magistrate specially empowered to take cognizance of any offence, if he receives a complaint of facts which constitute such offence or the report in writing of such facts made by any police officer or the information received from any person other than police officer or upon his own knowledge or suspicion that such offence has made committed, he will immediately take cognizance of the offence. The provision of subsection 3 of section 190 has laid down that the a magistrate taking cognizance under sub-section (1) of an offence triable exclusively by court of session shall without recording any evidence, send the case to the court of session for trial. However, if any order has passed by magistrate whom he is not authorized by law to do that, then the order or enquiry reports shall not be binding on the Court of Session. Cognizance of the offence by court of session and high Court Under subsection 1 of 193 of Cr.P.C Court of Session shall take cognizance of any offence as a court of original jurisdiction unless the section 190, subsection (3), and under section 194 of Cr.P.C 1898 of 1898. The High court may cognizance any offence described in Pakistan Penal Code or in any other penal code. The section 193 impose an embargo upon and limit the power of the Court of Session to take cognizance of any offence unless accused had been sent to Court of Session by magistrate duly empowered by penal statute. The session judge may take any view keeping in view the facts and circumstance of the case and these should be interpreted in light of penal statutes. The sections 190 and 193 are mandatory and session court is not a court of original jurisdiction and cannot entertain any direct complaint or pass any order, unless the same is forwarded to it by magistrate under section 193(3), and if done are outcome of material irregularity of court. Issue of process When the offence has recognized by court and it is in opinion of the court of trial that there is sufficient ground for proceeding. The court may issue a warrant for summons for causing the accused to be brought or to be appeared at certain time before court. The section 201 is the only section which authorizes a magistrate to issue process to the accused for purpose of summoning him to hold him accountable for charges leveled against him. Where he takes cognizance on the private complaint or on a police report or any other information or knowledge other complaint, he must proceed with existence of sufficient ground of proceeding and he has to commence proceedings against the accused by compelling his attendance before the court. There must be sufficient of grounds of proceeding does not mean complaint alone but the complaint deposition, supported by oral or documentary evidence as produced before the courts. Only the prima facie case is required for initiated the criminal proceedings under section 204, court is not expected to go into the detail by the conducting a preliminary trial. If on the basis of evidence that have been supplied, it is adduced by complaint it can be said that there is sufficient ground for initiation of the criminal proceeding against the accused of crime . Procedure of Trial by Magistrate The sections 241 to 249 are related with trial by cases magistrate. The procedure is to be adopted in all cases instituted upon condition mentioned above. 1. Supply of statement and documents to the accused Under subsection 1 of section 141-A, in all case instituted upon police report and copies of statement of all witnesses recorded and produced under section 161 and 164 and all of the records of evidence recorded by the investigation officer in charge of police station on his first visit to the place of occurrence. It is duty of the court law to supply all copies of document to accused at free of cost not less than seven days before the commencement of the trial. The Supply of the copies of whitenesss statement recorded under section 161, Cr.P.C 1898 to be provided to accused is an essential requirement for end of justice and it is preparatory stage of trial by magistrate . What have been stated in the petition of complaint the substance of the accused his name, address, and the names of his witness and the gist of the evidence and fact and circumstances which he is likely to adduce at the trial. It is necessary for trial court to give opportunity to the accused show cause of the allegation brought him and he must be given the affordable opportunity to defend himself . 2. Charges to be framed When the accused appears or he is brought before the magistrate for defend alleged leveled against him, he shall be asked whether he admits that he has committed the offence with which he is charged. When the magistrate having been satisfied, one the basis some cogent evidence spelling out the ingredients of an offence is required to frame a formal charge and these charge must read in open court. The framing the charges is essential and mandatory requirement of criminal procedure. Accused person should not be convicted straight way on the plea of guilt made by the accused. Trial Court is required to give opportunity to the accused to show cause of the allegation brought against him . 3. Conviction on admission of truth of accusation If the accused admit that he has committed the offence, his admission shall be recorded exactly in the words which have spoken by him; and if magistrate finds no sufficient evidence available he may convict accused. The consideration of the sufficient cause must be based on material evidence in hand; the magistrate may convict accused accordingly in defined statutory procedure. The admission of guilt of accused made before the police is reversible at the discretion of the accused. The resiliency of admission of the guilt is relevant factor for court in convict of accused, but it is not sufficient ground. 4. Procedure when no such admission is made. Under the subsection 1 of section of 244 of Cr.P.C 1898 if the magistrate does not convict the accused under the proceeding section then the magistrate shall proceed to hear the complaint and record all evidence produced in support of the prosecution by state functionaries. The magistrate also has to hear the accused and record all evidence which he produces for his defense. The magistrate may issue summons or warrant to accused directing him to attend the proceeding . Accused not supplied with previous neither statements nor adequate opportunity to confront witness with previous statement. Witness not even mentioned in Challan but acquainted with facts of case can be examined as prosecution witness with permission of court. The right to cross examination is existed under section 244 of Cr.P.C 1898 as the right to defend. 5. Statement of Records before Magistrate The statement recorded under section 244 if any statement is recorded under section 164 in presence of the accused, then he must be given the reasonable opportunity to cross the statement which has made against him. The methods of cross examination should be conducted according to the article of Qunun-e-Shahadat Order. There is no bar to power of court to record the evidence in absence of accused, if he pronounced to be absconding offender. 6. Acquittal or Conviction If any evidence provides under section 244 and statement recorded under section 164, Magistrate has found the evidence insufficient and inadequate evidence to constitute the liable for commission or omission of offence, he may acquit the accused after due deliberation of evidence that has been forwarded by complainant to proof the accused guilty, and if he found guilty, he may pass sentence order. Procedure of the trial of Cases by Session and High Court In every trial before the Court of Session, initiated upon a police report, the prosecution shall be conducted by the public prosecutor, and entire cost of the expenditure to be incurred by the state. The option to engage any counsel rest on complainant where the private complaint lodged and complaint is satisfied with counsel. The following procedure shall be observed by High Court and Court of Session in which trial of cases by said courts. 1. Supply of documents and statement to accused In all case proceeding to be initiated upon receiving of police report or by private complaint, and copies of documents of the first information report, the police report, the statement of witnesses recorded under section 161 and 164 and the inspection not recorded by an investigation officer on his first visit to the place of occurrence and note recorded by on recoveries made should to be supplied free of cost to accused not later than seven day before the commencement of the trial , No person should not be convicted unheard in court of law and sufficient opportunity must be provided to accused to make arrangement for engagement of counsel for his defense against the charges leveled against him. In case where the cognizance of offence has made by magistrate on receiving of complainant, the documents mentioned in clause (a) and (b) of subsection 2 of section 265-C to supplied to accused. In addition to document mentioned above, what have been Stated in petition of complaint the substance of the accused, the name of his witnesses and gist of evidence which is likely to adduce at the trial should also be provided and all other the order of court issued for summoning of the accused and also the copies of the complaint and other document supplied by complainant to court as evidence. Copies of statement recorded during investigation separately under section 161 or 172 Cr.P.C whether such person are cited as prosecution witness or not or whether supporting prosecution or defense have to supplied to the accused. 2. When charge is to be framed After perusing the police report or the complaint and all other document and statement filed for prosecution in court for prosecution of the accused, the court need to initiate the criminal prosecuting. The court need to give due deliberation to gist of information, evidence in record in hand and where sufficient grounds are available for prosecution and the trial of the accused. The police should write the charges against the accused. The description of offence committed by the accused and these charges must fulfill the requirement of definition that is given in penal statutes. 3. Plea The charge shall be read and be made open to the accused, and he shall be given affordable opportunity irrespective of fact that he is guilty or not. He should be chance to defend the charge leveled against him. If the accused pleads guilty, the court shall record the plea. Whatever the charge is to be read and explained to the accused in open court, he should be brought before the court of law for criminal prosecution and he shall be asked whether he pleads guilty or has any defense to make, and if the accused plead guilty. Then it is the discretion of court to convict the accused but that discretion should not to be exercised beyond the power given in penal statutes. The personal whim and caprice of the court of law is a negation of criminal justice. The court is required to examine the prosecution evidence even if the guilty is admitted in response to the charge. The section is quite clear in interpretation that court is not all circumstances which are brought before the court; it shall have to record conviction. That description must provide basis of material evidence, the accused has been prosecuted by court. That power given in this section aimed as to minimize the changes of wrong conviction of the accused. 4. Evidence for prosecution If the accused does not plead guilty and no sufficient and material evidence are produced of the guilt of accused, then it is the discretion of court to convict accused. The court shall proceed to hear the complaint and take all such evidence as many are produced for his prosecution : The court shall ascertain from the public prosecutor or as the case may be, from the complaint and, the name of any person likely to be acquainted with the facts of the case and shall summon such persons to give evidence . The court shall refuse to call any witness, if it will cause delay the justice and hamper end the justice. If the statement is given in the written form then that it shall be attached to the record . The section refers to finalizing the prosecution case whether any defense has produced before the court not, and if no defense has adduced by the accused, the court shall after examination of the accused ask the prosecution to sum up his case where accused is eligible to make a reply. The pronouncement of judgment after its due deliberation is ultimate aim of the prosecution, but due opportunity be given to accused to defend himself. In case of the private complaint the prosecution of the case has to be conducted by the private counsel of the accused not by state prosecutors. It is entirely discretion of the public prosecutor what witness shall be examined. 5. Acquittal or Conviction If the court has found the accused not guilty having the record in hand, and after due interpretation of law in given circumstances, he shall order for acquittal of accused against the charges. The section has vested power to the court to quit the accused at any stage when he found be beyond the shadow of doubt not guilty of any offense committed. The likelihood of suspicion always favors the accused and this power is limited to the jurisdiction when the trial court found that beyond the shadow of doubt. If the court has found material irregularity in evidence either recording or production of evidence and there is no direct connection of the accused with the offence alleged, the court may order the acquittal of accused. Summary Trials The magistrate of first class or any bench of magistrate specially has been empowered by provincial government may try in summary way all or any of the following offences mentioned clauses (a) to (m) of subsection 1 of 260. Summary It is here concluded that magistrate, session and high court can only initiate the criminal after cognizance of offences. The both magistrate and session court have their original jurisdiction to try offences as have been mentioned in Criminal procedure code. Initiation of criminal proceeding start with issue of warrants of accused and after his appearance before courts, he is provided ample opportunity to defend himself against the framed charges. If he pleads guilty after through examination of record in hand, the criminal court can pass order of conviction or acquittal of accused. The writer is an advocate of High Court and practicing immigration and corporate laws in Pakistan since September 2001. Author can be contacted by Adil Law Company (Advocates and Immigration lawyers) Office No.3 2nd Flr Hafeez Chambers 85 The Mall Rd Lahore Pakistan Telephone: +9242-6306195 +9242- 6360108 Fax: + 9242 6360108 Cell: +92300 4254910 E-mail: adil.waseem@lawyer.com Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Adil_Waseem http://EzineArticles.com/?Procedure-of-Trial-by-Magistrate,-Session-and-High-Courts-of-Pakistan&id=48357 effects of ambien
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WLS Patients Report Frequent Dizziness: What Causes It?

By Kaye Bailey Many gastric bypass patients report frequent spells of dizziness. In general they are using the word dizzy to describe everything from feeling faint or lightheaded to feeling weak or unsteady. Research indicates a state of chemical imbalance can lead to temporary bouts of dizziness. When a bariatric patient feels dizzy it could very well be related to the restricted diet. Most commonly going too long between meals or not drinking enough water causes bariatric patients to become dizzy or have a mild electrolyte imbalance. Many patients self-treat dizziness by drinking water or little sips of a sports drink such as Gatorade. Dizziness may occur when too much time passes between meals, or as an early warning sign of dehydration. Lack of food or loss of bodily fluid interrupts the bodys physiological process; the electrolytes get out of balance. Potassium, sodium and chlorine are the three dominant electrolytes in the human body. Beneath our conscious awareness the electrolytes are very busy jumping in and out of cells making it possible for nerve impulses to travel from one nerve cell to the next. When we are eating correctly, staying hydrated and pursuing a healthy lifestyle it is likely the electrolytes will stay balanced and we can enjoy a dizzy-free existence. It is extremely dangerous when electrolytes become severely imbalanced. Infants suffering from dehydration have died from electrolyte imbalance. So have sufferers of anorexia. If flu symptoms cause dehydration to the point of extreme dizziness and disorientation one must seek medical help. Dehydration will force a greater loss of potassium, which raises the sodium level in all muscle tissues. At greatest risk is the heart muscle where an increase of sodium may cause arrhythmia and death. The sports and nutrition industrys guideline for water consumption is one ounce of water for every two pounds of body weight. Carefully monitoring fluid intake will help weight loss surgery patients avoid chronic dizziness. 2005 Kaye Bailey - All Rights Reserved Kaye Bailey is a weight loss surgery success story having maintained her health and goal weight for 5+ years. An award winning journalist, she is the author and webmaster of http://www.livingafterwls.com and http://www.livingafterwls.blogspot.com Fresh & insightful content is added daily, check in often. To subscribe to the LivingAfterWLS monthly newsletter "You Have Arrived" click on http://www.livingafterwls.com and enter your details in the subscription box. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Kaye_Bailey http://EzineArticles.com/?WLS-Patients-Report-Frequent-Dizziness:-What-Causes-It?&id=42916 ambien interactions
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Cholesterol Medication

By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Peter_Emerson] Peter Emerson More and more people suffer from heart disease each year, and one of the main reasons is a high cholesterol level. If you do not want to be a part of the people who suffer from heart disease, then you should start reassessing your cholesterol level. You should visit your physician and have a medical examination to determine if your cholesterol level is desirable, less desirable, or high risk. If you have high-risk cholesterol levels, your physician will recommend that you take some cholesterol medications. Cholesterol medication includes synthetic pharmaceuticals such as statins, niacin, bile-acid resins, and fiber derivatives. Statin drugs are proven to be successful at lowering cholesterol. However, there are definite risks associated with these drugs, especially if you have mild kidney dysfunction; that is why it is important that you discuss these thoroughly with your physician. Some cholesterol medication can increase HDL cholesterol and lower LDL cholesterol as well as triglycerides. Triglycerides, just like cholesterol, can affect heart health. High levels of these are associated with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks. Meanwhile, bile-acid resins are effective to soften any fatty material in food and help with absorption. As the name suggests, bile acids are secreted from the liver and gall bladder in the bile, which goes into the intestine and then back to the liver. However, these drugs have a disadvantage, mainly malabsorption. Lastly, the fiber derivatives, or fibrates, work by reducing triglyceride production and removing triglycerides from circulation. These also increase the level of HDL. Some of these fibrates include gemfibrozil and fenofibrate. All of these cholesterol medications can greatly reduce your risk of heart disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease. However, you should see to it that you follow your doctors prescription regularly. If you experience any side effects, you should tell your doctor right away. [http://www.i-cholesterol.com] Cholesterol provides detailed information on Cholesterol, Cholesterol Levels, Low Cholesterol Diet, High Cholesterol and more. Cholesterol is affiliated with [http://www.e-LowCarbDiets.com] Low Carb Diet Foods. Article Source: [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Peter_Emerson ] http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Peter_Emerson [http://ezinearticles.com/?Cholesterol-Medication&id=255588 ] http://EzineArticles.com/?Cholesterol-Medication&id=255588 buy both ambien and phentermine no rx
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Approaching Women: Secrets Of The Master Pick-Up Artists

By Kenneth Oboh Approaching women can often be a 'nerve wracking' experience
for a lot of guys and I know only too well what that feels
like. You tend to put yourself under a lot of pressure to
come across in an impressive way and then you worry about
rejection if it all goes wrong. So here is my advice: is to approach women in a situation
where you are NOT even trying to pick them up or get a phone
number or get them to respond to you in any way at all that
will put you under the pressure of making your attempt
either a 'failure' or 'success.' What I'm saying here is do not approach women expecting to
prove anything to yourself or to 'get' anything from them or
try any kind of pick up line or material. And you can use
absolutely any kind of women to do this 'practice' exercise,
preferably the ones that you can interact with on a normal
social level like a sales assistant in a store or a coffee
shop attendant or a girl bartender serving drinks in a pub
or a bar. The aim here is simply to engage them in a very brief
conversation which involves a little bit more than just the
act of ordering something. For example with the shop
assistant it could be that you ask her advice on what
present to get your sister on her birthday. With the pub
staff it could be to ask her advice on a good and
interesting cocktail or something. I'm sure you get the
drift. Do not put yourself under any pressure whatsoever to prolong
the interaction. That means if you get a short answer from
her to a question you asked her, just leave it at that. If
on the other hand, she takes the bait and starts smiling
too, and responding in a friendly way then take that as your
cue to talk a bit more in response. This little 'no pressure' exercise will give you the kind of
very valuable feedback that you can expect from women in
other "more social" situations like bars, nightclubs, coffee
shops, the bookstore, wherever you later decide to meet
women you want to date. The topic of conversation does not
matter, what matters is this: your conversation must follow
the formula which I call "playful arrogance." This formula
works so well because women love to be playfully teased.
Note the important words here : PLAYFULLY TEASED. I suggest
that from this second, you burn these two words forever into
your brain when dealing with women. So for example, say you have started a conversation with the
female bartender in a pub or bar and maybe you just asked
her opinion of the best cocktail. And she mentions one, you could then follow up with a playful but arrogant smirk and
say something like "is that the best you can do? I thought
you looked like a woman of fine taste, ohhhh, I'm so
disappointed, now I have to find a second beautiful female
expert to advice me on my drinks." Do you get the picture
and the scientific structure behind that kind of statement? Bear in mind that nowhere in this statement have you
"insulted" her. If you "overdo" the teasing and actually end
up insulting the woman, needless to say that would not
result in success. But with a bit of experimentation, you
should get better at striking the right "playful balance"
that women will find very attractive. Would You Like To Discover Secrets To Attract & Seduce Any Woman
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Skin Moisturizers � For A Glowing Face

By Paul Cris If you want to maintain a glowing and fresh face, your skin must be consistently moisturized. It is only possible if the rate of humidity on the skin is stable. There are fewer chances of developing a wrinkled face if the skin is moisturized and hence you will always appear younger. The water content from the body flows towards the upper crust of the skin through a process called Tran epidermal water loss. If the water content in the body is adequate then your skin is always likely to remain supple and fragile. But if the quantity of water present in your body is scarce, then your skin grows arid and weak, as it does not get the required moisture. In order to keep your skin relatively moisturized you need to consume maximum liquids, like drinking at least 6 glass of water per day or eat enough of fruits and ripe vegetables that contain watery substances. The moisture that is formed neutralizes the excess oily or dry conditions in the body. Apart from that it is also important to cleanse the skin with water in order to moisturize the skins surface. Additional nourishment is required for older people. Moisturizers are available in the market in various forms or mixtures such as vegetable glycerin, rose water, jojoba oil, vitamin E oils, sorbitol (derived from plants), honey, aloe vera, and iris. Aloe Vera and mineral oils are vital in opening the clogged pores in the skin and thereby reducing the extent of acne. They prevent the skin from drying due to the external factors like sun, wind, and climatic odds. Aloe Vera is widely used for skin irritations, cuts and abrasions caused, sunburns etc. Mineral oils remove the waste materials present in the skin. As most of the moisturizers contain oily substances in them they often tend to remain on the skin after applying it. But the essentials oils have a fine molecular structure and they effectively penetrate to the inner parts of the skin. They have the property of getting instantly absorbed by the skin. The moisturizers should be mixed with accurate amount of base oil. To the maximum extent 30 ml of base oils and 6 spoons of essentials oils should be mixed to make the right formation for the skin. If you have any doubts regarding the right usage, you can preferably refer to the manuals that are available in the market. Paul has been providing answers to lots of queries through his website on a wide variety of subjects ranging from satellite phones to acne. To learn more visit http://www.askaquery.com/Answers/qn1673.html http://www.askaquery.com/Answers/qn1673.html You are welcome to republish the above article only if you add our hyperlinked URL. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Paul_Cris http://EzineArticles.com/?Skin-Moisturizers---For-A-Glowing-Face&id=188010 buy generic ambien online
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Ayurveda and the Raw Food Diet

By Ciara Carruthers The word, Ayurveda, is from the ancient Indian language, Sanskrit, and literally means "Knowledge of Life". The Ayurvedic approach to life involves listening to and addressing the unique needs of your body, recognizing and balancing your mental and emotional states and deepening your connection with your spirit, your essential self. The raw food diet is based around the principle that eating a diet high in raw food will normalise and alkalise your body. This, in turn, connects the mind with the body; thus, Ayurveda and the Raw Food diet are very similar. This article will hopefully provide a brief guidance on how you could connect the two in a way that is optimal to your health. In Ayurveda, the idea is that you eat according to your dosha; vata, pitta and kapha. Vata is composed of the elements of air and ether
Pitta is composed of the elements of fire and water
Kapha is composed of the elements of water and earth Vata types are generally thin and find it hard to gain weight. Vatas need to get sufficient rest and not overdo things, as they can tire easily. Pitta types are generally medium sized and well proportioned. They also tend to be intelligent, with a sharp wit. Kapha types tend to have sturdy, heavy frames. They are prone to gain weight easily. They often tend to have a positive outlook on life. So, what does this mean, and how does it apply to you?
In Ayurveda, it is believed that each person is governed by one dominant dosha and you should eat according to that dosha. However, this article is concerned with Ayurveda and Raw Food, so I will only mention the foods that coincide with both these diets. Vata Balances: Sweet fruits, apricots, avocado, bananas, berries, grapes, melons, asparagus, beets, cucumber, garlic, radishes, zucchini. Aggravates: Dried fruits, apples, cranberries, pears, watermelons, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, raw onions. Pitta Balances: Sweet fruits, avocado, coconut, figs, mango, prunes, sweet and bitter vegetables, cabbage, cucumber, okra, potatoes. Aggravates: Sour fruits, berries, bananas, plums, oranges, lemon, pungent vegetables, garlic, onions. Kapha Balances: Apples, apricots, berries, cherries, cranberries, mangos, peaches, pungent and bitter vegetables, broccoli, celery, garlic, onion. Aggravates: Sweet and sour fruits, bananas, coconut, melons, papaya, sweet and juicy vegetables, potatoes, tomatoes. There are many suggestions in Ayurveda, which are very easily translated to a Raw Food Diet.
Such suggestions are:
Eat mainly seasonal fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds and grains
Eat according to your constitution, or dosha
Fast for one day every two weeks
Establish a regular eating routine
Eliminate or limit caffeinated, carbonated and alcoholic
beverages from your life
Drink herbal tea, fruit and vegetable juices Ciara Carruthers is an entrepreneur and infopreneur. She has created a website focusing on exploring Barcelona, where you can also employ her services as a website copy writer for you own site http://www.barcelonaexplore.com/. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ciara_Carruthers http://EzineArticles.com/?Ayurveda-and-the-Raw-Food-Diet&id=137842 ambien without prescription
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Anniversary Gifts - Seventy-fifth Anniversary

By Michael Russell If it's hard to believe that you've been married 75 years, you probably don't have a lot of company. The truth is, very few people make it to such a magnificent milestone in their lives and this is a day to be cherished for what it is, something very special. If you're wondering just what it is that you're supposed to be getting as an anniversary gift for your spouse of three quarters of a century, you'll be pleased to know that it's something that is sure to put a smile on his or her face and a huge dent in your bank account. But fear not. If you're short on funds and can't afford the traditional gift, there are some modern alternatives that people have been coming up with, just in case anybody actually makes it to this happy occasion. This year the list makers have given you a number of choices. I guess they figured if you made it this far with the same person the very least you should have is a fairly big list. So this year you can get your spouse either diamonds, diamond like stones or gold. Take your pick. Any of the above will certainly land you in debt for the rest of your life unless mankind somehow finds a way to get people to live as long as trees. Fortunately, there are some alternatives that you might be interested in if the above gifts are too much for your bank account. The one great thing about being married 75 years is that people give you a lot of leeway. You can pretty much get your spouse just about anything and it will be greatly appreciated. Of course you want to at least try to keep your gift within the spirit of the occasion. So for gold, you can always go for something gold plated. Actually, a 75th anniversary gold plated plate will do just fine. No, these are not for eating off of. They're simply for show. They usually come with a stand that you can put on your china closet or anywhere your heart desires. Nobody is going to argue with you. What you might want to do is get your spouse and yourself a 75th anniversary edition of the popular Monopoly game. Yes, believe it or not, if you are reading this at the time it was written, you were married the same year that the game first came out. So what better way to celebrate your anniversary than with one of the most popular games ever made. It doesn't even matter if you can't play it anymore. Besides, you probably wouldn't want to take it out of the box anyway. Of course, if you really want to stay as traditional as you possibly can, you might decide to go with those diamonds or a gold watch. The important thing is that you're spending this day together. Those who are fortunate enough to stay married for 75 years are truly blessed. The anniversary gift is secondary to the sentiment behind it. Michael Russell
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Florida DUI Schools

By Max Bellamy With a good number of automobiles on the road and a fair amount of people driving them under the influence of alcohol, there is every justification for tighter enforcement of road laws, as well as more alcohol-education programs for such errant drivers. Florida is a state where driving under the influences (DUI) cases are considered the highest in the country, and they are constantly on the rise. Therefore, there are many alcohol education programs to handle these cases. Legal provisions in Florida, with a few exceptions, stipulate that when a person is charged with DUI, they have to attend compulsory DUI classes for a stipulated period in order to drive legally again. Though conviction varies depending upon the nature of the offence, a 50-day sentence of attending DUI classes is often mandatory. DUI classes are conducted to help offenders learn the rules of safe driving with special reference to alcoholism. These schools have specialists who teach the basics of safe driving. There are also e psychologists to help offenders recover from any trauma they might be suffering from. These schools have tailor-made solutions for all drivers who find themselves on the wrong side of the law due to alcohol. This is why classes for first time offenders vary a great deal compared from classes for people who have been repeatedly booked under DUI. DUI cases are most common in affluent areas of Florida like Dade, Palm Beach, Jacksonville, Broward and Hillsborough. Consequently, there is a proliferation of DUI schools in these areas. Advocate Program Inc. in Dade, Central Florida Safety Council in Brevard and The Broward County Commission on Alcoholism are a few. Florida DUI provides detailed information about Florida DUI, Florida DUI arrests, Florida DUI attorneys, Florida DUI laws and more. Florida DUI is the sister site of California DUI Lawyers Info. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Max_Bellamy http://EzineArticles.com/?Florida-DUI-Schools&id=149590 www phentermine diet pills
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Is There Such a Thing as a Cleansing Vegetarian Diet?

By Foras Aje Sure there is. Depending on what steps are applied while subsisting on a diet that consists of primarily fruits, vegetables and perhaps some permissible whole grains, if such principles as food combining, knowing when to eat and fasting (the no-breakfast plan, the 24 hour fast etc) are utilized, it could very well be considered a diet designed for the sole purpose of cleansing the system. To this end, allow me to introduce the mucus-less diet. A mucus-less or mucus-lean diet (especially when used as a cleansing vegetarian diet), is one that consists of items that heal, cleanse and nourish the body without producing what most key people in the drug-free fraternity coin as perhaps the main culprit in the cause of disease: Mucus. That considered, a cleansing vegetarian diet then will consist of primarily Fruits and raw (or properly cooked-) Vegetables. Although combining these items properly may perhaps be one of the main factors to succeeding on such a diet, the other main things to remember while on a cleansing vegetarian diet are as follows: 1. Never, ever eat fresh fruits with cooked meals. Save for the avocado and even then with caution. 2. Lettuce and Celery combine with anything. Eat these raw. 3. Meat & Fish: Eat these substances in very, very little quantities, one at a time and with No/low starch vegetables exclusively. 4. Nature doesnt produce bread! If you must eat this item, eat as little of it as possible, toasted and with vegetables and fat only. 5. Grains: Eat as little as possible of grains and when consumed, combine them with vegetables only. 6. Never eat until you're hungry and guidelines to know when you are in true hunger are as follows: -The stomach aspires. -The mouth salivates even at the sight of plain lettuce. -The mind is happy and clear -It happens usually after noon when the body is its building stage. 7. Do not drink liquids of any kind with your meals. It only dilutes the digestive juices in your stomach leading to indigestion and constipation, in addition as a rule of thumb, don't drink anything but water an hour or 2 prior to and/or after eating your meals. 8. Avoid the use of microwaves. At this point, it must also be mentioned that contrary to popular belief, one meal that you actually should try to eliminate from your diet is the so-called breakfast No, this is NOT the so-called most important meal of the day and this is based on the fact that the human body goes through a cleansing process from twelve midnight until twelve noon, and a building program from twelve noon to twelve midnight, therefore our meals during these respective periods should be harmonious with these processes of natural detoxification of the body. Sounds intriguing eh? Well, it shouldnt be, it is based on scientific research on thousands of people for over two centuries on such health principles as food combination and assimilation. Some other highly effective processes that you can add to subsisting on this cleansing diet consist of: 1. The complete water fast:
This, admittedly, should be conducted with extreme caution or in a specialized sanitarium if undertaken more than 3 days. 2. The Juice Fast: This is much easier for the general populace and can be undergone as long as you feel like it. 3. The Fruit Fast: This, well, is really not a fast per sebut when one lives exclusively on SEASONAL ORGANIC fruits for days on endmeaning mono meals (2 at the most ) of only one kind of fruit say Apples in Fall, Melons in summer for a week plus, you will be bound to see the benefits. I will be quick to add that other tips that could be used in combination with these various types of cleanses could include the use exercises such as Yoga, Pilates and the Yoga-esque Royal Court and the consumption of a Mucus-less (alkaline) diet of raw and or properly cooked Fruits and Vegetables. It must be noted that exercise in the fresh air and the sun not only aids with cleansing the body, it also helps with body-building and one eating such a natural-yet radical diet as described above-feel even more natural Just remember in adding exercise to your diet and even in applying these techniques above for such a cleansing program, see to it that you: * Set your goals * Set a timeframe for your goals * Figure out how to meet your goals with an exercise program * Structure your program * Maintain your program All in all, heres to health in 07 and beyond. Aje Foras Aje is an independent researcher and co-founder of BodyHealthSoul LLC. Stop by His Fasting for Weight Loss Blog today for more information on How to use a vegan detox diet Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Foras_Aje http://EzineArticles.com/?Is-There-Such-a-Thing-as-a-Cleansing-Vegetarian-Diet?&id=406651 phentermine online pharmacy
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Knit-Finity

By Alice Seidel As summer wanes, I love to muse on all things knitting. We live in such an uproarious world; days come and go with little of anything harmonious fitting into the hours. We all need, we all crave our own special space, our own little nook, somewhere just for us. And that's ok. Often we need to re-charge ourselves, plug into life's energizing chords, to get ourselves going again. Think how time has changed. Where once it took weeks to traverse from one city to another, now we do it in just hours. The "calm" in our lives is always waiting in the wings; only rarely do we bring it out to sit center-stage. There is a reason baseball is such a long game; back in its heyday there was nothing more sublime than to bask in the aura of a well- played game with friends and family. If it took all afternoon, that was a good thing. Look at the old homes in your town, and most of them are favored with front porches. Lovely to look at, and the place to gather with others to recoup the days' graces and to recount all its pleasures. Letter writing was once the art of the day. Being as important, long ago, as email is to us now, we think of writing letters as time- comsuming. But, in the days before television, radio, and cars, time needed to be filled up with worthy endeavors. Life may not have been as modern as today, but it had other resources many of which we are re-discovering in a new century. Even the Bible tells us that we should "aspire to live quietly, to mind your own affairs, and to work with your hands". Myriad gifts pass through our lives; knitting is mine. It puts me in mind of great cathedrals; they all began with the laying of one stone. So my precious creations begin with one stitch. Foundations are what we make them. Once learned, knitting is a cherished talent; one used to create for yourself, for your loved ones, your dear friends, even those you don't know and will never meet. Never again will you look at store-bought apparel in the same way! When special occasions drift through your life, you will be ready with your own memorable masterpieces. Knitting brings inspiration; in the inimitable words of Andy Griffith it's "just pure gala!" If you need space and time in your life to gather in your very self, then learn knitting. As the yarn passes through your fingers, you will recognize it as your own very special gift to the world. Knitting is its own distinctive prayer and meditation; crafted by you. As you go, there is so much to knit! So many people to help, and all your handiwork given with your unique mark upon it. I once read in a magazine that "to live with history is a rare thing. It's thrilling to know how things are put together and why they survive." All knitters instinctively know the way to peace. It is more than turning off the TV or turning down the music; it's in picking up your knitting needles. Solace awaits; blessings abound. Go knit, so your knitting will go into knit-finity. Copyright 2006 Alice Seidel Keep YOUR knitting on the "Cutting Edge" with FREE patterns. The place where smart knitters gather resources and share stories.
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CyberDating Lie Detecting

By Kathryn Lord Did you know that Online Dating is the top moneymaker on the Web? Chances are good that if you are single, you have joined a site or two yourself. If so, you've probably asked my CyberRomance clients' top question too: "How can I tell if they are lying?" Lot's of ways! Here goes: First off, much of "the problem" of Internet lying is media over hype. What kind of interest would there be in a story about all the honest people who are on the Net? But of course some people do lie, and being concerned about who is and who isn't lying makes a heck of a lot of sense. Reasons people lie: To avoid conflict. To avoid the consequences of their behavior. To postpone having to make changes in lifestyle. To hide something they did or did not do. To avoid rejection. To be in control of a situation. To avoid being embarrassed. To make themselves appear more successful, good, or talented than they really are. All make terrific reasons for people to lie online. How to detect lying: A truthful person will be "congruent." That means that all the information they give out -- their words, body language, they way they live and dress, everything -- fits together and contains no contradictions. People who lie will be incongruent in some way. Here's what to watch out for: 1. How they use words: written, on the phone, or in person -- Talking faster or slower. Changes in voice pitch. Taking charge of conversation, attempts to distract you. Continual denying of accusations. Unusual voice fluctuations, word choice, sentence structure. Stalling the conversation by repetitive use of pauses and comments like "um" or "you know." Lack of use of contractions. Prefers emphasizing "not" when talking. Being extremely defensive. Saying "Trust me." 2. How they behave or the attitudes they exhibit: Being hesitant. Nervous laughter. Smugness. Uncommon calmness. Providing more information and specifics than is necessary or was asked for. Inconsistencies in what is being shared. 3. In-person behavior clues: Touching chin, covering the mouth, or rubbing brows. Crossed arms or legs. Pupils narrow. Playing with hair. Body language and facial expressions don't match what is being said such as saying "no", but nodding head up and down. Avoidance of eye contact, eyes glancing to the right, staring past you or down, or turning away from you while they are talking. Rigid or fidgeting. Slouching posture. Unnatural or limited arm and hand movements. Partial shrug. Lack of finger pointing. May place a barrier such as a desk or chair in front of self. Sweating, even if it isn't a warm day. Saying "no" several times. 4. Your own inner cues: You sense something is not right. Explanations do not feel enough for you. You feel confused, you find yourself squinting or angling your head. You feel a block or a wall between you and the other. In Internet dating, or any kind of dating for that matter, keep your anxiety down, your head attached, and LISTEN to everything your date tells you in every way. People tell you about themselves constantly, from the very first second of contact. You have to be willing to hear it. Not only do they tell you by what they do say, they tell you by what they don't say. Many of these cues can come from simple distraction or nervousness, not deceit. New daters have plenty of reasons to be anxious. Signs of lying differ from one person to another. Don't let your own nervousness force a jump to wrong conclusions. Give your date a break and take some time. Often, Cyber daters move too quickly to the phone and/or a face to face meeting. Gone is the golden opportunity to safely ask questions and study answers slowly and over time. Vastly increased are tension and anxiety, which complicate clear thinking and judgment. With online dating, you have a tremendous advantage over meeting immediately flesh-to-flesh: You have a written record of what the other tells you. Make use of it! Take your time and get to know your potential Sweetheart the old-fashioned way -- through writing! About The Author Kathryn Lord, Romance Coach
Helping singles find someone wonderful!
eBk: "Find A Sweetheart Soon! Your Love Trip Planner for Women"
4870 Oak Ridge Road, Vicksburg, MS 39183 / Ph. 601-619-0030
Stay current with my complimentary enewsletter *eMAIL to eMATE* Subscribe at http://find-a-sweetheart.com/newsletter.html www.Find-A-Sweetheart.com / Kathryn@Find-A-Sweetheart.com Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Kathryn_Lord http://EzineArticles.com/?CyberDating-Lie-Detecting&id=30389 cheap phentermine 30mg
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Facts and Important Uses for Aloe Vera Plant

By Jody Kelly Aloe Vera heals burns, scalds, relieves sunburn, treats minor wounds
As a healing plant, aloe is something of a celebrity. Across America, the spiky plant sits on untold numbers of kitchen windowsills, just waiting. Waiting for what? A spattered bit of grease, a careless moment at the oven, and the inner gel of the aloe leaves gets called into service as a burn salve. Even scientists take advantage of this simple home remedy. Most household burns and scalds, and many other minor mishaps, occur in the kitchen. With an aloe plant close by, it's easy to snip off one the thick, fleshy leaves, slit it open and squeeze the clear gel onto the injury. "Aloe gel dries into a natural bandage, It also promotes healing and helps keep burns from becoming infected." Aloe has a long history as a healer. Around 1500 BC, the ancient Egyptians began using aloe as a powerful laxative and a treatment for skin problems. When Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, he learned that an island off Somalia teemed with aloes. He immediately seized it to guarantee a supply of the wound treatment for his troops, while keeping the herb from his enemies. Arab traders carried aloe from Spain to Asia around the sixth century. Traditional Indian Ayurvedic doctors and Chinese physicians quickly adopted it as a laxative and skin treatment. American pioneers used aloe gel to treat wounds, burns, hemorrhoids and rashes. Scientific validation of aloe's wound-healing power dates from the 1930s, when radiologists noticed that aloe gel scooped straight from the cut leaves of the plant hastened the healing of x-ray burns. Since then, many studies have confirmed the herb's ability to promote healing of cuts, frostbite and first- and second-degree burns.
"Aloe contains allantoin, a substance that speeds wound healing," says Alan R. Gaby, M.D., a Baltimore physician who practices nutritional and natural medicine and is president of the American Holistic Medical Association.
One chemical in this herb aloe-emodin "has anti-tumor activity," according to James A. Duke, Ph.D., a botanist retired from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and author of The CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Aloe is not currently used to treat cancer, but one day it might be. And some derivatives of aloe are also being studies for both anti-AIDS and anti-cancer potential. How To Use Aloe Vera
Before applying aloe to burns of cuts, wash thoroughly with soap and water. For minor burns, scalds, sunburns or cuts, select a lower (older) leaf, cut off several inches and slice it lengthwise. Scoop out the gel, apply it liberally to the affected area and allow it to dry. (The injured aloe leaf quickly closes its own wound. Periodic leaf-snipping does not harm the plant.)
Aloe gel is safe for external use by anyone who does not develop an allergic reaction. If your skin shows signs of redness or irritation after using aloe, discontinue use.
Even if you have a brown thumb, you can grow aloes. They need little water and no care other than good drainage and a temperature above 40 degrees F. They prefer sun but tolerate shade, and they don't mind poor soil. Aloes produce offshoots, which may be removed and replanted when they are a few inches tall. Simply uproot or un pot the plant, work the soil gently to separate the offshoot and return the parent plant to its bed or pot. Hello, My name is Jody Kelly. I live in the state of Illinois & have been a certified natural health professional since Dec. 2001. I have studied alternative health for 25+ years. I'm very interested in Nature & herbs. Through my herblogy classes, I have learned to formulate my own products such as herbal skin care for those stubborn rashes, natural body butters, bath salts, cough syrup, upper respitory oils, massage oils & many more helpful items for natural health. I have a web site with many healthy products for you, your home, children & babies that are non toxic & safe to use. Look for my articles & free bath salt recipes that you can make yourself for gift for that special some one on your list. Thank you & here is my website http://www.purehealthchoices.com Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jody_Kelly http://EzineArticles.com/?Facts-and-Important-Uses-for-Aloe-Vera-Plant&id=364331 us online pharmacy phentermine
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Help! My Tooth is Killing Me

By [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Debbie_L_Boynton] Debbie L Boynton In the past eight years, I have talked to thousands of people with tooth pain. With my job with an Endodontist or root canal specialist, I had opportunities every day to soothe nerves, answer questions and give comfort to those in pain and fear of root canals. To outsiders my job seemed somewhat morbid. Id get comments like, you work at a root canal office? Yuk, that cant be much fun. Actually, it was very rewarding. It was my experience that people are at their best when in pain and need your help. Take note, though. If you are in pain and need help right away, it will not help to be demanding of your dentist or others. If you call your dentist and they cannot see you right away, explain that you are in misery ask to be put on their emergency call list. If you do not hear back from them in a few hours, call back and nicely explain, again, that you desperately need help. If they are unable or unwilling to help you or are uncooperative, ask for a referral (name and number) to an Endodontist. Call the Endodontist and explain that you are in pain and your dentist cannot fit you into their schedule. Ask to be put on the Endodontist emergency call list and keep in touch with them once or twice a day at the most, until they can work you in. This works most of the time if you currently have no dentist. It depends on how full their schedule is. Do not ask for special favors concerning the payment if you want to be seen right away. Do discuss payment policy and make sure you understand what is required of you because most Endodontist have a different financial policy than general dentists. So what can you do in the mean time for toothache relief? First, try taking an anti-inflammatory like Ibuprofen (such as Advil(tm) unless you've been advised not to by your medical doctor. Follow the maximum dosage stated on the bottle.
If this does not alleviate the pain, try adding acetaminophen (Tylenol(tm) in between the doses of Ibuprofen. In other words, take Ibuprofen, and then 4 hours later take acetaminophen, and continue alternating these medications every 4 hours. These medications work differently and work well together to help with pain and are readily available over the counter at any drug store or supermarket. Ask your pharmacist how much you can safely take and discuss any interactions it may have with your current medications before taking them. Do not apply aspirin or any pain medication in pill form directly to the tooth or gum as it may contain ingredients that will burn the area. Over the counter oral numbing products, like Ambesol or Orajel(tm), can help temporarily, as does Oil of Cloves. Ask your pharmacist for his advice, if you can get to a pharmacy that is open. A cold pack pressed to the cheek outside the painful area can be helpful. You can make one with a towel and ice cubes. Rubbing a cold ice cube over your cheek has been recommended, also. Pain follows a cycle of nerves. The cold sensation formed when rubbing ice on the cheek diverts the pain from your tooth to your cheek area. Yes, it may burn somewhat, but has been known to work. Sometimes it helps to rinse your mouth with lukewarm salt water, one-teaspoon of salt in one cup of water. The main thing is to try to stay calm. Getting your blood pressure up will only make the pain worse. Sit in an upright position as opposed to lying down to keep pressure from your head area. IMPORTANT: These are emergency stopgap methods successfully tried by many. If you are allergic to any medications, or are taking other medications these might interfere with, seek proper medical advice and ask your doctor or pharmacist. These instructions are for those people that know they can take over-the-counter medication with no problems or side effects and in no way claims to take the place of professional or medical advice. Debbie Boynton has worked in dental field for eight years. Find more info at:
[http://www.root-canal-info.com/Toothache_Help.html] http://www.root-canal-info.com/Toothache_Help.html
Use this article on your website as long as this resource box is included and this article remains unchanged. 2006 Debbie L Boynton Article Source: [http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Debbie_L_Boynton ] http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Debbie_L_Boynton [http://ezinearticles.com/?Help!-My-Tooth-is-Killing-Me&id=178676 ] http://EzineArticles.com/?Help!-My-Tooth-is-Killing-Me&id=178676 where to buy phentermine 37.5
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Knowing Your Skin Type Is The First Step in Choosing Proper Skin Care

By Sheila Dicks In order to care for your skin properly you must first determine the type of skin you have. There are 5 types of skin: Normal, Dry, Oily, Combination and Problem Skin. Normal: The skin is soft, supple and smooth. It is fine-textured and free of blemishes (with the exception of periodic blemishes). It has a nice glow and never feels oily or dry. Less than twenty percent of women have this skin type. If this is your skin type you are fortunate; however, this does not mean that you shouldnt take care of it. Dry: This type of skin too, has a fine texture and is transparent looking. It feels tight and drawn without moisturizer and tends to have fine lines around the eyes and mouth. It feels especially dry after washing and may have whiteheads around the eyes and dry patches. This type of skin needs proper care because it shows signs of aging early. Oily: The oily complexion is greasy, sallow and coarse. It has large pores and tends to have pimples, blackheads and whiteheads. Within hours of washing the oiliness will reappear and makeup is usually absorbed quickly. Combination: This type of skin is oily in the T zone and the rest of the face is dry. The T zone is the forehead, nose and chin. The extent to which both areas are dry and oily may vary; however, both areas require a separate cleaning routine to restore them to balance. Problem Skin: Problem skin is usually oily and has a coarse texture and is subject to acne. It has large pores, blackheads, red blotches and may become more irritated under stress. If the problem is serious it will require the assistance of a dermatologist. There are also 2 skin conditions that may occur either together or separately and may occur with any skin type. These are sensitive and allergic conditions. If when applying skin care products you begin to sneeze, wheeze, itch or breakout you are probably allergic. Skin that appears thin, pale and flushes easily and may be sensitive and be subject to allergies. If this is the case, treat your skin gently and use hypoallergenic products. Sheila Dicks is a wardrobe and image consultant who teaches women how to look slimmer by dressing to suit their body type. Visit her at http://www.sheilasfashionsense.com to download a copy of her e-book Image Makeovers and get How to Build a Wardrobe free. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Sheila_Dicks http://EzineArticles.com/?Knowing-Your-Skin-Type-Is-The-First-Step-in-Choosing-Proper-Skin-Care&id=6135 how to order phentermine
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Flower- the Story of Evolution

By John Gibb Flowers are the Natural beauties sent as a Gift by Nature to the World. They add fragrance, briiliance and beauty to the surroundings. The History of the Flowers in this Earth must go to the day when the Plants emerged in the World. Scientific research have shown that the Plants are in this World for the past more than 425 Million years and they have developed from their primituve form of Spores. The seeds for the Plants came in the primitve form as spores the small copies of themselves that can grow in other places. The Plants began to develop protection for the spores and thus came the seeds and there came into being the assured way of propagation and systematic reproduction by following regular Life cycles. The Flowers must have appeared during this stage and the earliest fossil proof of actual Flowers appears only 130 million years ago. But we do not have clear proof of how and when the Flowers developed for the first time as the fossil desposits do not give enough proof in this direction. The father of the theory of Evolution Charles Darwin himself is persplexed over this issue and calls this an abominal Mystery. It is generally assumed that the function of Flowers, from the start, was to involve other Animals in the reproduction process. Pollen should be taken to other places and for this the assistance of other living beings are necessary and it may not be possible without giving any other benefit. The Plants in some Islands developed sudden, fully developed appearance of Flowers and used them to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific Animals and Birds. This type of specialized relationship with another Animal bearing pollen from one plant to another has resulted in both the plant(s) and their partners developing a high degree of specialization. Likewise, the next stage of the Flower the Fruits are used in plant reproduction that comes from the enlargement of parts of the Flower itself and is a tool which depends upon animals wishing to eat it, and thus scattering the seeds it contains. The hard proof as to the existence of Flowers about 130 million years ago, is available though circumstantial evidence we know that they did exist up to 250 million years ago. Flowers are genetically just an adaptation of normal Leaf and stem components on Plants, and the most primitive Flowers are thought to have both Male and Female parts on the same flower and to be dominated by the Female part. In later stages of evolution, Flowers grew more advanced, some, with a much more specific number and design, and with either specific sexes per Flower or plant. We see that Flower evolution continues even today; that the Modern Flowers have been influenced by humans to such a degree that many of them cannot be pollinated in Nature. John Gibb is the owner of flower sources
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Burn Fat 24 Hours a Day - Increase Your Metabolic Rate

By Ted Frazer Fast or Slow Metabolism is a word that most dieters are well familiar with. People who battle with their weight are often thought of as having a slow metabolism, where those fortunate individuals who seemingly can eat anything they wish and not gain weight are believed to have a fast metabolism. The goal then for most dieters is the pursuit of any strategy that will increase the metabolic rate (MR) and thereby greatly assist with the losing and maintaining of weight. Before examining ways of adjusting the MR, lets first define metabolism Metabolism - Defined Metabolism is defined in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary as The sum of the chemical processes in a cell or organism, by which complex substances are synthesised and broken down, and growth and energy production sustained. A commonly referred to term is BMR the Basal Metabolic Rate i.e. the minimum number of calories required to keep us alive. There are also other terms, such as RMR Resting Metabolic Rate which is basically the rate of our metabolism during the day whilst performing standard daily tasks (i.e. standard daily activity); SMR Sleeping Metabolic Rate the rate of our metabolism whilst we are at sleep. Several factors can affect our MR, but one important aspect that can have significant bearing is the amount of active lean muscle tissue we have on our bodies. When compared to fat, active lean tissue (muscle) requires more calories to sustain itself at rest, and therefore, our musculature or percentage of muscle tissue and how it is exercised - can be seen as an effective pathway to adjusting the MR. As we age, we usually tend to lose muscle mass, and similarly, our metabolism gets slower. As a example comparison, a 70 year-old man would need to do a significant amount of daily activity to burn off the same amount calories that a 26 year old man would burn at rest. Hence, to prevent gaining fat weight as we age, we need to either 1) Decrease our daily caloric intake, or 2) Increase our daily physical activity - i.e.exercise 3) Maintain or even increase our muscle mass (i.e. through resistance training exercise such as weight training). How we eatwhat we do The MR plays a major role in the maintaining and losing of weight (bodyfat) with the objective being to adopt strategies that elevate the MR and more importantly keep the MR elevated. There are 2 main options to adjusting the MR 1) Through adjusting of eating patterns
2) Through adjusting of activity levels Lets review both: Adjusting of eating patterns There are many classic analogies that are used to explain how eating affects ones metabolism. One analogy uses a motorcars engine and fuel consumption: Motorcar Analogy: A motorcar uses 3 litres of petrol to travel a distance of 25 KM. If the motorcar was allowed 1.5 Litres of petrol and still needed to travel 25 KM, the engine of the vehicle would need to be tuned in such a way so as to deliver the same driving performance on half the fuel. Our metabolisms are thought to work in the same way. When we suddenly reduce our daily caloric intake in an attempt to lose weight, our bodies react by slowing down its MR so that the caloric fuel required to perform the same daily tasks is utilized or burned at a slower rate. Referring to our motorcar analogy again, if the same motorcar was given 3 litres of fuel after being retuned, the car would travel 25KM and still have 1.5 litres remaining. Similarly, if someone who had been on a reduced calorie diet resumed their previous high-calorie eating pattern, their bodies would store the extra calories as fat, as their now slower metabolisms would not be accustomed to the additional calories. The eating and digesting of food actually requires the body to utilize caloric energy. To increase ones metabolism, it is recommended that we eat small meals every 3 hrs to keep the metabolism elevated. Where this may help elevate metabolic levels, it is a somewhat limited approach and is best used in conjunction with other strategies. Also, one needs to differentiate between total calories and amount of food consumed. At each time of eating, we are also consuming calories, so we need to ensure that each meal is relatively lower in calories. It would not be wise to eat frequent high-calorie meals and hope that the incremental increase in metabolism would be sufficient to burn the relatively higher number of calories that would be consumed over the day. Observing the total calories consumed in a day, is then still a critical factor in managing ones weight, and although dividing our individual daily caloric allowance into regular small meals may perhaps be better to ensuring a higher metabolic rate, by itself, this approach is limited in ensuring an optimum level of sustained, elevated MR. In addition to the frequency of our eating, there are also other eating strategies thought to assist in increasing ones metabolism, such as the including of certain foods believed to have a positive effect on the metabolic rate. Green Tea; Chilli (and other hot foods) are 2 examples of foods that are believed to stoke the furnace so to speak and assist in enhancing our metabolic rates. However, although the structuring of our eating patterns can have a positive effect on the MR, as mentioned, this approach in itself can be limited and needs to be done in conjunction with other strategies such as adjusting of activity levels. Adjusting Activity Levels Most people believe that taking up some form of exercise is all that is required to adjust their metabolisms and manage their weight. Endurance activities such as running or jogging, walking or cycling being the generally preferred options. However, these activities, performed in a steady-state, endurance-style fashion do little to elevate the metabolic rate for an extended period. Although these activities may be healthful and enjoyable, improve circulation and burn calories, they do little to sustain an elevated metabolic rate. In fact, it is now believed that endurance style exercise activities may actually lead to a drop in elevated metabolic rates! This is a most crucial and controversial point that needs to be clarified in more detail. Although our MR is mostly genetically pre-determined, when we look at increasing the MR, we should be looking to do so for extended periods. A sustained MR will then assist in burning more calories at rest for longer periods of time. This is effectively achievable though a combination of 2 key factors 1) increasing our functional muscle mass 2) utilizing of muscle mass in higher-intensity forms of exercise. If we have higher levels of muscle on our bodies, our MR will increase. We will in effect be burning more calories whilst at rest. Also, when engaging in exercise, the contracting of additional muscle mass will burn relatively more calories during that activity. Example: Someone performs an exercise activity for 15 minutes and burns 150 calories. If that person adds 3 Kg of muscle to their frame and performs the same activity for the same period of time, they will burn more calories doing so. Doing lessburning more Higher-intensity forms of exercise places higher demands on our metabolic systems, and keep our metabolisms elevated for far longer periods. When people talk about effective forms of calorie-burning exercise, they usually only think of how many calories are utilized whilst actually performing the activity. Typically, running is seen as an ideal calorie burning activity because running is seen to burn a relatively high number of calories. But where endurance running may burn significant calories during the activity, it has 2 negatives: 1) Your metabolic rate drops relatively quickly once you stop an endurance activity, with your metabolism returning to normal almost an hour after stopping. 2) Endurance activities are generally catabolic i.e. it creates a reduction in lean muscle mass. As we have discussed, RMR is affected by the amount of muscle mass hence a drop in muscle mass, will lead to a corresponding drop in MR. Hence, if you examine most marathon runners, although they usually have lower levels of bodyfat, they are also usually relatively thin, with relatively low levels of lean muscle mass. Muscleand intensity However, this does not mean that the objective is to suddenly aspire to becoming a bodybuilder although, bodybuilding or specifically, musclebuiliding - certainly does increase the MR and RMR. However, if we are looking to elevate and sustain our MR, then wherever possible we should look to intensity when exercising: Intensity Vs Endurance Intensity is a key factor to increasing our MR through exercise. To exercise with intensity, usually means working harder to constantly push or overload ones muscular and cardiovascular system. Now naturally this approach needs to be done VERY CAREFULLY, with intensity levels being increased GRADUALLY - especially if one is not used to harder forms of exercise. Also, if you are presently significantly overweight, it may be easier on your body to first lose some of the weight through corrective eating before attempting to overload your body with a higher-intensity exercise program (It is therefore perhaps a better route to use a corrective eating to lose gained weight and higher intensity exercise to assist in preventing gaining weight). Training with higher levels of intensity usually requires a higher level of muscular recruitment (i.e. the muscles working at a higher capacity as well as more muscles working together) and energy, and similarly requires the cardio system (heart & lungs) to work harder. Not only does higher intensity training burn relatively more calories than endurance or lower-intensity exercise, but of greater importance, it causes the MR to remain elevated for relatively longer periods after exercising. An effective form of intensity training is Interval Training alternating brief periods of intensity, with periods of recuperation. Example: Running Intervals (Beginner) Walk for 2 minutes
Jog for 10-20 secs
Walk for 2 minutes
Jog for 10-20 secs Repeat until 15 minutes is reached Example: Running Intervals (Advanced) Walk for approx 30 Secs
Jog for approx 45 secs - 1 minute
Sprint or run fast for 30-45 secs Repeat 10-12 times (or until 20 minutes is reached) This approach can naturally be applied to any form of endurance activity, and can be varied based on current level of fitness. The key aspect is to gradually increase the intensity, by shortening the rest periods &/increasing the periods of intensity. One can also increase intensity through increasing the load placed on the muscles i.e. Hills; Weighted belts. For very advanced training, one can combine the 2 i.e. interval training with added resistance - however, this places significant demands on the body and should only be considered once a high level of fitness has been attained. Now naturally, higher intensity training needs to be briefer in duration, and, due to the fact that it places a higher demand on the body, also requires relatively longer rest periods between sessions. This not only allows for a sufficient recovery period, but also allows the muscles involved to repair and grow stronger so as to be able to handle the higher intensity loads. Resistance or weight training should also form a part of ones exercise program although, again, this need not necessarily mean heavy weight training and can include a wide range of activities. Bodyweight exercises, as well as a variety of different resistance exercises can be done with higher levels of intensity so as to place higher demands on the body that will result in a sustained elevated MR. Higher intensity strategies such as Supersetting (doing 2 exercises in succession with minimal rest in between); Giant setting (doing more than 2 exercises in succession with minimal rest in between) and Progressive resistance loads (adding more resistance) are 3 approaches that can be used to increase intensity. The key to remember is more intense levels of activity done for briefer periods is a far better approach to increasing and sustaining ones metabolic rate, than easier exercise done for extended periods. InjuriesOveruse.Enjoyment Just because higher intensity exercise is believed to increase MR more efficiently, it does not necessarily mean that we should abandon all other forms of exercise activity. Many people engage in activities such as cycling, walking, sports, yoga, pilates etc for recreational reasons; for enjoyment, not just to lose weight, and this should always be an important consideration. However, many people unfortunately pursue endurance-type exercises with the sole objective of losing or managing their weight. As mentioned earlier, endurance-type exercise is perhaps not the ideal exercise strategy to managing weight. Also, many endurance exercisers fall into the trap of increasing their exercise durations/distances as a means to compensating for increased eating e.g. Ill run an extra 5 Kms tomorrow to burn off that extra piece of cake. This sometimes becomes a habit, and, in addition to the negative psychological aspects of such an approach, it can also lead to various forms of overuse injuries as well as related postural weaknesses. So, if exercise is to be used effectively as a means to sustaining an elevated MR, a preferred route would be to use higher-intensity exercise strategies, and to also ensure that adequate (ideally optimum) levels of lean muscle mass is maintained. Ted Frazer has been dedicated to "Wellness" and health & fitness for 20 years and has written a comprehensive diet e-book called "The Total Diet Solution". Ted has been dedicated to Health and "Wellness Revolution" for 20 years and has written a fast-selling e-book "The Total Diet Solution". For a once-off free consulation e-mail Ted on ted@tva.co.za (based on volume response times may vary) Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ted_Frazer http://EzineArticles.com/?Burn-Fat--24-Hours-a-Day---Increase-Your-Metabolic-Rate&id=74674 order phentermine with mastercard
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Get Rid of Squirrels

By Emma Drosy Many people think of squirrels are cute little woodland friends with bushy, pretty tails. But squirrels, as members of the rodent family, can be pesty little critters. It isn’t easy to get rid of squirrels, either. They will eat the food out of your bird feeders and make homes in your trees. But do you know how to get rid of squirrels when you’ve decided you’ve had enough of them? There are many products that claim to help you get rid of squirrels. But chemicals and sprays usually harm you more than the squirrels – not to mention, the potential damage to your landscaping. Because squirrels know how to forage, it would be almost impossible to take their food source away. Squirrels live in the trees and on the ground, so they can make homes for themselves almost anywhere. There’s no reason you should have to take out your trees or tear down your landscaping to suit your rodent-like pest friends. If you really want to get rid of squirrels around your home, you will probably have to have them trapped and removed from the property. There are many chemicals that will repel squirrels, but the best are probably ground powders. Powders won’t damage your lawn or plants, and work well to keep squirrels away from certain areas. But because you cannot powder every inch of your lawn and trees, you may need professional help to get rid of squirrels properly. There are many pest removal services that will be happy to take care of your squirrel problem for you, and who know how to professionally get rid of squirrels without harming them. To keep your lawn and plants safe and to get rid of squirrels the right way, pest removal services are going to be your best bet. Squirrels can be a big nuisance, but you shouldn’t have to sacrifice the beauty of your lawn just to make them go away. Use plant-friendly and non-toxic methods to rid yourself of squirrels. You want to get rid of squirrels – not your grass! Trust a pest removal service to help you get rid of squirrels, and you can say good-bye to those pests for good. Was this Article Helpful? then Click here to learn how to Get Rid of Squirrels for Good! Was this Article Helpful? then Click here to learn how to Get Rid of Squirrels for Good! Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Emma_Drosy http://EzineArticles.com/?Get-Rid-of-Squirrels&id=324096 phentermine adipex pharmacy
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Jesus Autobiography

By Lawrence Hilliard All philosophical, theological and political discourse issues from a presuppositional matrix. The communicator's ideas are characterized, influenced, and motivated by such a preexisting corpus of antecedent ideas, or embraced truth. I begin with the presupposition that Jesus understood perfectly and clearly who he was.His auto-noetic frame was accurate and complete. From such a substratum his ipssissima verba would proceed. Filtered through an Occidental mindset, in particular, a pragmatic philosophy, the words of Jesus have been denuded of their intrinsic authority and regenerative power. The context in which we read the words of Christ must change, from a late Twentieth Century, techno-centric, hedonistic, materialistic, democratic state to a matrix of First Century Judaism. When the words of Christ are heard within the context of his day, and understood against the backdrop of Rabbinic Judaism, his words blaze with unsurpassed authority and cut like a two-edged sword (Isa. 49:2). He spoke with an authority unprecedented within the history of Israel (Ps. of Sol. 17:36, 43, Matt. 7:29, 24:35, Mk. 1:22, 27, Lk. 4:36). Utilizing a Messianic designation from the Old Testament and a title rich in apocalyptic color, Jesus would identify himself to his Judiac world. Jesus' "autobiographical designation", utilized 81 times in the gospels, was the title "Son of Man." Through this Messianic prism we shall see the transcendent dimension of Jesus' nature as defined by him. "Jesus chose it [title "Son of Man"] as the ideal expression for progressively and, to some extent, retrospectively, revealing the nature of his person and work." (D. A. Carson, professor of New Testament, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Expositor's Bible Commentary, Vol. 8, p. 213) Jesus adopted and repeatedly alluded to the figure "Son of Man" from Daniel 7:13-14, "I kept looking in the night visions, and behold, with the clouds of heaven one like a Son of Man was coming, and He came up to the Ancient of Days and was presented before Him. And to Him was given dominion, glory and a kingdom, that all the peoples, nations, and men of every language might serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion which will not pass away; and His kingdom is one which will not be destroyed." Daniel in vision sees four empires in succession depicted as bestial, verses 1-12, characterizing the savage, rapacious nature of their rule. But another figure comes upon the scene, he is conducted to the "Ancient of Days", the "Son of Man." In Hebrew, the phrase "Son of Man" is bar enosh. "Enosh" emphasizes the mortal, frail, creaturely, incurable nature of man in the bondage of corruption, in stark contrast to the four preceding images depicting the arrogant brutality of totalitarian power. Power exercised in the establishment and continuance of an empire's reign. Dictatorial violence that stamps out any residue of resistance. But this figure (Son of Man) has acquired a kingdom not by military might or dictatorial tyranny, but through humiliation and suffering. In the title "Son of Man" there is a unitive exegetic presented, the multi-faceted significance of the humiliation and glorification of the Messiah is revealed. "...while Daniel 7:13-14 indeed speaks of the glorification of the Son of Man, it is in context a glorification and vindication through suffering. Both aspects of 1) humiliation and suffering, on the one hand, and 2) vindication and glory on the other, are signaled by the expression 'Son of Man'..." (Richard N. Longenecker, professor of New Testament, Wycliffe College, University of Toronto, The Christology of Early Jewish Christianity, p. 87-88) In Rabbinical literature much is said regarding the passage in Daniel 7:13 as describing the Messiah. In the Talmud of Babylon Sanh. fol. 98.1, Daniel 7:13-14 is reconciled with Zechariah 9:9. Joshua ben Levy said, "If Israel are worthy, the Messiah comes with the clouds of heaven; but if they are not worthy, he comes poor, and riding on an ass." Samuel ben Nachman (270 C.E.) said that according to Daniel 7:13, the angels accompany the Messiah as far as their precincts allow, while God then conducts him to Himself, according to Jeremiah 30:21 (Midrash on Ps. 21:7). In Zohar, Gen. folio 85.4, reference is made to Daniel 7:13 as referring to the Messiah. The Hebrew name "Anani" meaning "clouds" is a name for the Messiah (alluding to Daniel 7:13) in the Targum translation of I Chron. 3:24. Mention is made of the name of a person, Anani, it is added, "Who is the Messiah that is to be revealed,"-a direct reference to Daniel 7:13. In the Talmud of Babylon Sanh. 96b the Messiah is named Bar-Naphle, the cloud-man. Rabbis Jarchi, Saadiah, Gaon, Aben Ezra, and R. Joshua expounded the text of Daniel 7:13 as referring to the Messiah. Outside of Rabbinical literature, Justin in his Dialogue 32.1 reports that the "one like a son of man" of Daniel 7:13 was identified with the King Messiah in mid-Second Century Judaism. "For the Son of Man has come to save that which was lost." (Matt. 18:11) Jesus said unequivocally that he had the authority to forgive sins because he was the Son of Man (Matt. 9:2, 5-6, Mk. 2:5, 9-10, Lk. 5:23-24, 7:47-48). The word "authority" is the Greek word exousia, its root meaning is literally "out of substance or nature," indicating an intrinsic right and power of execution. The exousia was his because he identified himself as the "Son of Man." As the long-awaited Savior of Israel, Jesus would embody the saving nature of God, forgiving sins on the merit of his own intrinsic nature. "...All the good which I will do unto you I do through the merit of the Messiah who was kept back all those years. He is righteous and filled with salvation." (Zech. 9:9) (Pes. R. 146b, 159b.) Jesus exercised an atoning authority in forgiving sins redemptively, a salvational act considered exclusively Divine. The Jews unwaveringly believed that "God keeps Salvation in His own power." (Talmud of Babylon Sanh. 113a) "But there is forgiveness with Thee, that Thou mayest be feared." (Ps. 130:4) "Forgiveness is solely with the Lord; He alone is capable of forgiving. The mouth of a mortal who, after all, is himself in need of forgiveness, cannot pronounce the sinner pure, much less render him pure. Only He, Who is as omnipotent as He is gracious, in the abundance of His grace and almighty power, can perform for man that miracle of miracles, the blotting out of the consequences of his past mistakes." (Samson Raphael Hirsch, The Hirsch Psalms, pg. 396) "And behold, they were bringing to Him a paralytic, lying on a bed; and Jesus seeing their faith said to the paralytic, 'Take courage, My son, your sins are forgiven.'" "For which is easier, to say, 'Your sins are forgiven,' or to say, 'Rise, and walk'? 'But in order that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins'-then He said to the paralytic-'Rise, take up your bed, and go home.'" (Matt. 9:2, 5-6, Mk. 2:5, 9-10, Luke 5:20, 23, 24, 7:47-48). No sinful mortal can pronounce a condemned sinner forgiven and free from sin's consequences. A sinner can share his knowledge of a savior but the saving act of forgiveness and pardon is exclusively Divine. To forgive sins is solely a Divine prerogative that Jesus unhesitatingly asserted, a salvational act no Rabbi, priest, or prophet would have dared imitate for fear of committing blasphemy. (Luke 5:21, Matt. 9:3, Mk. 2:6-7) "...the word used in Hebrew for 'forgiven' is the Hebrew salach, literally, nislechu lecha chatoteicha (forgiven are your sins). Today, in Hebrew, a person may say to another, 'Ani soleach lecha' (I forgive you), but in the time of Jesus this expression for forgiveness was only used of God's forgiving someone (cf. Leviticus 4:26, 31, 35). "...in the healing of a paralyzed man he used words of forgiveness reserved strictly in the Law to God." (Dr. Robert Lindsey, Hebrew scholar, from 1945-1990 Pastor of the Narkis Street Baptist Congregation, Jerusalem, Israel, Jesus Rabbi and Lord, p. 48, 50.) The idea that the redemptive act of forgiving sins is within the human domain, "Is alien to the mind of Judaism and of early Christianity." (Vincent Taylor, The Gospel According to Saint Mark, p. 199) Jesus recognized His own saving task as summed up in his words at the house of Zaccheus, "Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham for the Son of Man has come to seek and to save that which was lost." (Lk. 19:9-10) To exercise the authority to forgive sins, as illustrated in the healing of the paralytic (Matt. 9:2, 5-6, Mk. 2:5, 9-10, Lk. 5:20, 23, 24, 7:47-48), was not a salvific work foreign to his nature as the Son of Man. Every Jew, confronted with the ministry of Jesus, understood the implication of the salvational acts of forgiveness that he singularly offered, "...the early Jewish believers in Jesus appreciated the fact that as the Messiah, he was the one who had embodied and effected the salvation promised of old..." (Richard N. Longenecker, The Christology of Early Jewish Christianity, p. 103). The healing and redemptive work of forgiving sins was an exercise of authority over the physical and spiritual realm of human malady preadumbrating the Son of Man's role as the eschatological judge of men and nations. "This expression [Son of Man] goes beyond self-reference and, seen in the light of the post-resurrection period, surely indicates that the eschatological judge had already come on earth with the authority to forgive sin." (D. A. Carson, Expositor's Bible Commentary, Vol. 8, p. 222) As the holder of the intrinsic right and power of execution as the Universal Judge (Matt. 16:27, 25:31-46), to heal a body and forgive sins did not tax his authority. "The one like a man [the Son of Man] who sits upon the throne of God's glory, the sublime eschatological judge, is the highest conception of the Redeemer ever developed by ancient Judaism."-David Flusser, Jesus, p. 103 In the Jewish Apocalyptic book, The Parables of Enoch, the date of authorship is considered to be pre-70 C.E. (see James Charlesworth, Jesus Within Judaism, p. 40, ff), the "Son of Man" is presented as pre-existent from all eternity, he is specially related to God, in that he shares both the heavenly glory of God and is God's chosen agent of vengeance and judgment. The picture of his exalted greatness and authority is overwhelming to behold. "And there I saw One who had a head of days, and His head was white like wool, and with Him there was another whose countenance had the appearance of a man, and his face was full of graciousness, like one of the holy angels. And I asked the angel who went with me and showed me all the hidden things, concerning that Son of Man, who he was, and whence he was, and why he went with the Head of Days? And he answered and said unto me: 'This is the Son of Man who hath righteousness, with whom dwelleth righteousness, and who revealeth all the treasures of that which is hidden, because the Lord of Spirits hath chosen him, and whose lot hath the pre-eminence before the Lord of Spirits in uprightness forever. And this Son of Man whom thou hast seen shall put down the kings and mighty from their seats, and the strong from their thrones, and shall loosen the reins of the strong and break the teeth of sinners. And he shall put down the kings from their thrones and kingdoms because they do not extol and praise Him, nor humbly acknowledge when the kingdom was bestowed upon them. And he shall put down the countenance of the strong, and shall fill them with shame. And darkness shall be their dwelling, and worms shall be their bed, and they shall have no hope of rising from their beds, because they do not extol the name of the Lord of Spirits.'" (I Enoch 46:1-6) "And the kings and the mighty and all who possess the earth shall bless and glorify and extol him who rules over all, who was hidden. For from the beginning the Son of Man was hidden, and the Most High preserved him in the presence of His might, and revealed him to the elect. And the congregation of the elect and holy shall be sown, and all the elect shall stand before him on that day. And all the kings and the mighty and the exalted and those who rule the earth shall fall down before him on their faces, and worship and set their hope upon that Son of Man, and petition him and supplicate him for mercy at his hands." (I Enoch 62:3-8) "And he sat on the throne of his glory, and the sum of judgment was given unto the Son of Man, and he caused the sinners to pass away and he destroyed from off the face of the earth, and those who have led the world astray. With chains shall they be bound, and in their assemblage-place of destruction shall they be imprisoned, and all their works vanish from the face of the earth. And from henceforth there shall be nothing corruptible; for that Son of Man has appeared, and has seated himself on the throne of his glory, and all evil shall pass away before his face, and the word of that Son of Man shall go forth and be strong before the Lord of Spirits." (I Enoch 69:26-29) In the above cited passages the Son of Man is shown seated on the Throne of Glory, existing before the sun and stars were created, executing universal judgment, and bringing salvation at the end of ages, when he will be enthroned as king of the world. "The son of man has a superhuman, heavenly, sublimity. He is the cosmic judge at the end of time; seated upon the throne of God, he will judge the whole human race with the aid of the heavenly host, consigning the just to blessedness and sinners to the pit of hell; and he will execute the sentence he passes." (Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. 15, p. 160) The authority of this figure "Son of Man" far transcends any anointed office in the Old Testament or the whole angelic order. He stands signally alone in all Judaism as the final arbiter of the destiny of men and nations. "The image of this Bar-Enosh is fascinating and unique. It is the figure of an almost super-human judge, who is to sit on the throne of God and to separate the righteous from the wicked. He is to deliver the righteous to everlasting life and the wicked to everlasting punishment." (David Flusser, professor of early Christianity, Hebrew University, Jewish Sources in Early Christianity, p. 56) In attempting to define the nature of this One, the Gordian Knot, consisting merely of a human evaluation, looms large in Judaism. Can he be a cosmic judge of such unbounded authority and be simply super-human, or is this description a trivialization of his true character? The authority that the Son of Man is portrayed as being invested with, as cited in the above passages, far transcends any delegated authority to adjudicate legal disputes, to wage war, or to interpret the Torah. For the Son of Man's judicial exercise encompasses the entire earth, and in its execution the full justice of God. The Father has vested all judiciary powers in the Son of Man (see Targum on Genesis 49:11, Targum on Isa. 11:4, 10:27, 14:29, Targum on Ps. 72:1-2, Psalms of Solomon 17:21-30, II Baruch 72:2-6, John 5:22-24, 27-30). "Thus it seems that the concept [the eschatological figure Son of Man] preceded the final identification of the Son of Man with the Messiah, which became common at the end of the second temple. It was so applied in the time of Jesus, who used to speak of the Son of Man as the heavenly judge and it seems that finally he identified himself with this sublime figure." (Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. 15, p. 160) Jesus states unequivocally that he has an all-encompassing judicial authority. "For not even the Father judges anyone, but He has given all judgment to the Son. In order that all may honor the Son, even as they honor the Father. He who does not honor the Son does not honor the Father who sent Him. Truly, truly, I say to you, he who hears My word and believes Him who sent Me, has eternal life, and does not come into judgement, but has passed out of death into life." "...and He gave Him authority to execute judgment, because He is the Son of Man. Do not marvel at this; for an hour is coming in which all who are in the tombs shall hear His voice, and shall come forth; those who did the good deeds to a resurrection of life, those who committed the evil deeds to a resurrection of judgment." (John 5:22-24, 27-30) The above cited passages are startling in their boundless import. Jesus claims that he has universal judicial authority as the Judge of all, because he is the "Son of Man." No prophet, priest, scribe, or rabbi has ever executed such a judicial authority. No mere man or angelic being operates in such a realm. In the Old Testament, the prerogative of judgment belongs exclusively to God (Gen. 18:25, Judges 11:27, Ps. 9:8, 50:60, 82:8, 94:2, 98:9, 110:6, Isa. 33:22, I Chron. 16:33, Aboth 4:29). Jesus' use of the Messianic title Son of Man encompasses the full breadth of his nature: preexistent, exaltation, suffering, atoning death, glorification, enthronement, coming King and Judge. Consequently, no devised category can contain Jesus. He bursts forth and declares that he is illimitable. Prerogatives that are solely Divine are affirmed by him. A trilemma confronts anyone who undertakes a serious investigation of the Person of Jesus. Either he was a fraud, self-deceived, i.e., nut or he was who he says he was. There can be no other options. The "good moral teacher" category utilized to neatly dismiss Jesus, demands by definition truthfulness and sanity, which, if his declarations are untrue, would nullify such a classification. "The idea of a great moral teacher saying what Christ said is out of the question. In my opinion, the only person who can say that sort of thing is either God or a complete lunatic suffering from that form of delusion which undermines the whole mind of man. If you think you are a poached egg, when you are looking for a piece of toast to suit you, you may be sane, but if you think you are God, there is no chance for you." (C. S. Lewis, essay: "What Are We to Make of Christ?" God in the Dock, p. 158) A rubicon decision is demanded by him, "But who do you say that I am?" (Matt. 16:15) He leaves no one in a moral no-man's land. May his spirit grace us with a vision of his nature, a Divine unveiling from the Father. "And Simon Peter answered and said, 'Thou art the Christ, the Son of the Living God.' And Jesus answered and said to him, 'Blessed are you, Simon bar Jona, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but My Father who is in heaven.'" (Matt. 16:16-17) "For the Son of Man has come to save that which was lost." (Matt. 18:11) Lawrence Hilliard is the Founder of Clarion Voice Communications.
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